Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) in The Gastrointestinal Tract: Ultrasonography, Medical Imaging and Using EIT for Paediatric Applications
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Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Ultrasonography, Medical Imaging, Paediatric, Applications
Abstract
Glass rods and balloons can have their volume changes measured precisely in a phantom using EIT in an in vitro setting. Under controlled laboratory settings, EIT reliably measures experimentally induced changes in stomach volume (balloons) in humans. Electrodes placed on the ninth costal cartilage provide precise stomach EIT readings. While a little misalignment won't throw off the results, it's better to be on the high side than the low side if you want to measure the antral/duodenal area. There is a strong relationship between dye dilution and stomach emptying time (EIT) when measuring liquid meals. Because gastric secretions are removed, it is not apparent how closely this represents gastric emptying under normal circumstances. There is a correlation between scintigraphy and non-nutritive liquid meals. Suppressing acid is necessary for EIT measurements of semi-solid and solid meals to correlate with scintigraphy. When measuring stomach acid suppression, the lag phase assessed by EIT is substantially shorter than observed by scintigraphy, and the time to reach gastric emptying t1=2 measured by EIT always takes longer than measured by scintigraphy. Therefore, unlike scintigraphy, which only measures stomach emptying of the radio-labeled portion of the meal, EIT is more likely to quantify gastric volume, including secretions. While scintigraphy has been utilised to validate EIT and is considered the "gold standard" for measuring stomach emptying, it does have certain limitations: Although most studies only utilise one marker, solid meals actually consist of complex mixes or particles with both solid and liquid components. The stomach emptying of the other meal components—fat, carbohydrates, and liquid—is not tracked since the most popular marker binds solely to the protein portion. Incorrect findings might be produced if radionuclide markers detach from the meal's solid phase and then empty into the liquid phase. Although they gradually dilute both solid and liquid markers, gastric secretions have a substantial impact on gastric emptying patterns and contribute significantly to stomach volume throughout meals. Since the volume of gastric secretion within or emptied from the stomach cannot be measured by external gamma counting, this crucial element of gastric emptying is not observed. It is important to compare EIT with the 'gold standard,' however disagreements may be due to methodological differences, such as scintigraphy's failure to detect stomach secretions.
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