Radioactive Gold Nanoparticles for Tumor Therapy: Colloidal Radioactive Gold and Applications of Radiation in Cancer Imaging and Treatment
Abstract
It is becoming more and more apparent that gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have the ability to be used in cancer diagnostics and treatment. These biocompatible particles can be readily produced, tailored to suit specific needs, and conjugated to a wide range of biologically relevant compounds to enhance their functionality. Then, either by directly targeting tumor-specific biomarkers or by passively accumulating in leaky tumour arteries and tissue, precise and effective delivery to tumour tissue can be achieved. In addition to boosting the efficacy of radiation therapy, tumor-localized GNPs can be used as contrast agents for several imaging modalities. The current state of GNP as a radiosensitizer and imaging contrast agent, as well as its possible future uses, are the topics of this review. Nanoparticles made of gold have the potential to be a new theranostic adjuvant for use in cancer treatment by radiation because of their biocompatibility and adaptability. About half of all cancer therapies now employ radiotherapy, which involves putting radiation directly into tumour tissue. While it is successful in most cases, photon radiation (gamma and X-rays) in particular can damage healthy tissue outside the tumour region. The use of ion beams in radiation therapy improves results because of their unique energy deposition curve, which produces a concentrated dosage of radiation (a Bragg peak) in a specific area. Nanoparticles and other innovative sensitizers have demonstrated to enhance the localised destructive effects of photon and ion radiation when administered to tumour areas, complementing ion radiotherapy. Because of their biocompatibility, the fact that they can be synthesised using well-established methods in a wide range of sizes, and the fact that they can be coated with a large number of different molecules to partially control things like surface charge or interaction with serum proteins, gold nanoparticles have become one of the most popular nanoparticle systems available.
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