Immune Responses of Mammals to Foreign Nanomaterials, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Assays, Toxicity of Nanomaterials to Living Cells, and Nanomedicinal Applications
Abstract
As a consequence of their increase in annual production and widespread distribution in the environment, nanoparticles potentially pose a significant public health risk. The sought-after catalytic activity granted by their physiochemical properties doubles as a hazard to physiological processes following exposure through inhalation, oral, transdermal, subcutaneous, and intravenous uptake. Upon uptake into the body, their size, morphology, surface charge, coating, and chemical composition augment the response of biological systems to the materials and enhance their toxicity. Identification of each property is necessary to predict the harm imposed by foreign nanomaterials in the body. Assay methods ranging from endotoxin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) signaling to apoptosis and oxidative stress detection supply valuable techniques for exposing biomarkers of nanoparticle-induced cellular damage. Spectroscopic investigation of epithelial barrier permeation and distribution within living cells reveals the proclivity of nanoparticles to penetrate the body’s natural defensive boundaries and deposit themselves in cytotoxic locations. Combination of the various characterization methodologies and assays is required for every new nanoparticulate system despite preexisting data for similar systems due to the lack of deterministic trends among investigated nanoparticles. The propensity of nanomaterials to denature proteins and oxidize substrates in their local environment generates significant concern for the applicability of several traditional in vitro assays, and the modification of susceptible approaches into novel methods suitable for the evaluation of nanoparticles comprises the focus of future work centered on nanoparticle toxicity analysis.
Full text article
References
Eifler AC, Thaxton CS (2011) Nanoparticle Therapeutics: FDA Approval, Clinical Trials, Regulatory Pathways, and Case Study In: Hurst SJ (ed) Biomedical Nanotechnology: Methods and Protocols. Humana, Totowa, NJ, pp 325–338. 10.1007/978-1-61779-052-2_21
Priyadarsini S, Mukherjee S, Mishra M (2018) Nanoparticles used in dentistry: a review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 8(1):58–67. 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.12.004
Copéret C, Héroguel F (2017) Recent advances in surface organometallic chemistry In: Cornils B, Herrmann WA, Beller M, Paciello R (eds) Applied homogeneous catalysis with organometallic compounds. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, pp 1069–1084.
Yan N, Xiao C, Kou Y (2010) Transition metal nanoparticle catalysis in green solvents. Coord Chem Rev 254(9):1179–1218.
Weiss J, Takhistov P, McClements DJ (2006) Functional materials in food nanotechnology. J Food Sci 71(9):R107–R116.
Contado C (2015) Nanomaterials in consumer products: a challenging analytical problem. Front Chem 3:48
Raj S, Jose S, Sumod US, Sabitha M (2012) Nanotechnology in cosmetics: opportunities and challenges. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 4 (3) :186–193.
Boxberg F, Tulkki J (2004) Quantum dots: phenomenology, photonic and electronic properties, modeling and technology the handbook of nanotechnology. Nanometer structures: theory, modeling, and simulation. SPIE Press, Bellingham
Akbarzadeh A, Samiei M, Davaran S (2012) Magnetic nanoparticles: preparation, physical properties, and applications in biomedicine. Nanoscale Res Lett 7(1):144–144.
Smulders S, Luyts K, Brabants G, Landuyt KV, Kirschhock C, Smolders E, Golanski L, Vanoirbeek J, Hoet PHM (2014) Toxicity of nanoparticles embedded in paints compared with pristine nanoparticles in mice. Toxicol Sci 141(1):132–140.
Clichici S, Filip A (2015) In vivo assessment of nanomaterials toxicity. Nanomaters toxicity and risk assessment.
Vasilakes AL, Dziubla TD, Wattamwar PP (2013) Polymeric nanoparticles In: Bader RA (ed) Engineering polymer systems for improved drug delivery. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp 117–161.
Cabral H, Matsumoto Y, Mizuno K, Chen Q, Murakami M, Kimura M, Terada Y, Kano MR, Miyazono K, Uesaka M, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K (2011) Accumulation of sub-100 nm polymeric micelles in poorly permeable tumours depends on size. Nat Nanotechnol 6:815
Perrault SD, Walkey C, Jennings T, Fischer HC, Chan WCW (2009) Mediating tumor targeting efficiency of nanoparticles through design. Nano Lett 9(5):1909–1915.
Jiang W, Kim BYS, Rutka JT, Chan WCW (2008) Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is sizedependent. Nat Nanotechnol 3:145
Jain RK, Stylianopoulos T (2010) Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 7:653
Caldorera-Moore M, Guimard N, Shi L, Roy K (2010) Designer nanoparticles: incorporating size, shape and triggered release into nanoscale drug carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 7 (4) :479–495.
Gratton SEA, Ropp PA, Pohlhaus PD, Luft JC, Madden VJ, Napier ME, DeSimone JM (2008) The effect of particle design on cellular internalization pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105 (33):11613– 11618.
Huo S, Jiang Y, Gupta A, Jiang Z, Landis RF, Hou S, Liang XJ, Rotello VM (2016) Fully zwitterionic nanoparticle antimicrobial agents through tuning of core size and ligand structure. ACS Nano 10(9):8732–8737.
Fleischer CC, Payne CK (2014) Nanoparticle–cell interactions: molecular structure of the protein corona and cellular outcomes. Acc Chem Res 47(8):2651–2659.
Vroman L, Adams AL (1969) Identification of rapid changes at plasma–solid interfaces. J Biomed Mater Res 3(1):43–67.
Owens DE, Peppas NA (2006) Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 307 (1):93–102.
Li S-D, Huang L (2010) Stealth nanoparticles: high density but sheddable PEG is a key for tumor targeting. J Control Release 145 (3) :178–181.
Borm, P. J. A., and W. Kreyling. 2004. Toxicological hazards of inhaled nanoparticles—potential implications for drug delivery. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 4:521–531.
Choi, A., S. J. Cho, J. Desbarats, J. Lovric, and D. Maysinger. 2007a. Quantum dot-induced cell death involves Fas upregulation and lipid peroxidation in human neuroblastoma cells. Journal of Nanobiotechnology 5:1.
Franzen, S., A. G. Tkachenko, H. Xie et al. 2004. Cellular trajectories of peptide-modified gold particle complexes: Comparison of nuclear localization signals and peptide transduction domains. Bioconjugate Chemistry 15:482–490.
Gharbi, N., M. Pressac, M. Hadchouel et al. 2005. [60]Fullerene is a powerful antioxidant in vivo with no acute or subacute toxicity. Nano Letters 5:2578–2585.
Ghibelli, L., M. De Nicola, D. M. Gattia et al. 2007. Effect of different carbon nanotubes on cell viability and proliferation. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19:395013.
Girard, D., D. M. Goncalves, and S. Chiasson. 2010. Activation of human neutrophils by titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles. Toxicology In Vitro 24:1002–1008.
Gratton, S. E. A., P. A. Ropp, P. D. Pohlhaus et al. 2008. The effect of particle design on cellular internalization pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:11613–11618.
Gref, R., Y. Minamitake, M. T. Peracchia et al. 1994. Biodegradable long-circulating polymeric nanospheres. Science 263:1600.
Huff, T. B., M. N. Hansen, Y. Zhao, J. X. Cheng, and A. Wei. 2007. Controlling the cellular uptake of gold nanorods. Langmuir 23:1596–1599.
Hussain, S. M., L. K. Braydich-Stolle, A. M. Schrand et al. 2009. Toxicity evaluation for safe use of nanomaterials: Recent achievements and technical challenges. Advanced Materials 21:1549–1559.
Ishiyama, M., H. Tominaga, M. Shiga et al. 1995. Novel cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays using a tetrazolium salt that produces a water-soluble formazan dye. Toxicology In Vitro. 8:187–190.
Chakravarty, P., R. Marches, N. S. Zimmerman et al. 2008. Thermal ablation of tumor cells with antibody-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:8697–8702.
Fernandez-Suarez, M., and A. Y. Ting. 2008. Fluorescent probes for super-resolution imaging in living cells. Nature Reviews Molcular Cell Biology 9:929–943.
Chan, W. C. W., B. D. Chithrani, and A. A. Ghazani. 2006. Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Letters 6:662–668.
Iwai, N., and H. Yamawaki. 2006. Cytotoxicity of water-soluble fullerene in vascular endothelial cells. American Journal of Physioliogy – Cell Physiology 290:C1495–C1502.
Jack, H. D. 1997. Issues with introducing new immunotoxicology methods into the safety assessment of pharmaceuticals. Toxicology 119: 95–101.
Jain, T. K., M. K. Reddy, M. A. Morales, D. L. Leslie-Pelecky, and V. Labhasetwar. 2008. Biodistribution, clearance, and biocompatibility of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in rats. Molecular Pharmaceutics 5:316–327.
Ji, Z. Q., H. Sun, H. Wang et al. 2006. Biodistribution and tumor uptake of C60(OH)x in mice. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 8:53–63.
Cho, W. S., M. Cho, J. Jeong et al. 2009. Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetics of 13 nm-sized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 236:16–24.
Kam, N. W. S., and H. Dai. 2005. Carbon nanotubes as intra- cellular protein transporters: Generality and biological functionality. Journal of the American Chemical Society 127:6021–6026.
Kam, N. W. S., Z. Liu, and H. Dai. 2005. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes via cleavable disulfide bonds for efficient intracellular delivery of siRNA and potent gene silencing. Journal of the American Chemical Society 127: 12492–12493.
Kim, J. S., T. J. Yoon, K. N. Yu et al. 2006. Toxicity and tissue distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in mice. Toxicological Sciences 89:338.
Koopman, G., C. P. M. Reutelingsperger, G. A. M. Kuijten et al. 1994. Annexin-V for flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on B-cells undergoing apoptosis. Blood 84:1415–1420.
Carlson, C., S. M. Hussain, A. M. Schrand et al. 2008. Unique cellular interaction of silver nanoparticles: Size-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112:13608–13619.
Lockman, P. R., J. M. Koziara, R. J. Mumper, and D. D. Allen. 2004. Nanoparticle surface charges alter blood–brain barrier integrity and permeability. Journal of Drug Targeting 12:635–641.
Lovric, J., S. J. Cho, F. M. Winnik, and D. Maysinger. 2005. Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death. Chemistry & Biology 12:1227–1234.
Foldbjerg, R., P. Olesen, M. Hougaard et al. 2009. PVP-coated silver nanoparticles and silver ions induce reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and necrosis in THP-1 monocytes. Toxicology Letters 190:156–162.
Manna, S. K., S. Sarkar, J. Barr et al. 2005. Single-walled carbon nanotube induces oxidative stress and activates nuclear transcription factor-kappaB in human keratinocytes. Nano Letters 5:1676–1684.
Matsumoto, K., C. Sato, R. L. D. Whitby, and N. Shimizu. 2009. Carbon nanotubes stimulate neurite outgrowths of neurons by activation of MAPK/ERK signal transduction. New Biotechnology 25:S27–S28.
Mitchell, L., F. Lauer, S. Burchiel, and J. McDonald. 2009. Mechanisms for how inhaled multiwalled carbon nanotubes suppress systemic immune function in mice. Nature Nanotechnology 4:451–456.
Hauck, T. S., A. A. Ghazani, and W. C. W. Chan. 2008. Assessing the effect of surface chemistry on gold nanorod uptake, toxicity, and gene expression in mammalian cells. Small 4:153–159.
Mitragotri, S., J. A. Champion, and Y. K. Katare. 2007. Making polymeric micro- and nanoparticles of complex shapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:11901–11904.
Gajdosíková, A., A. Gajdosík, M. Koneracká et al. 2006. Acute toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles in mice. Neuroendocrinology. Letters Supplement 2:96–99.
Mooney, E., P. Dockery, U. Greiser, M. Murphy, and V. Barron. 2008. Carbon nanotubes and mesenchymal stem cells: Biocompatibility, proliferation and differentiation. Nano Letters 8:2137–2143.
Mu, Q., D. L. Broughton, and B. Yan. 2009a. Endosomal leakage and nuclear translocation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Developing a model for cell uptake. Nano Letters 9:4370–4375.
Gao, N., Q. Zhang, Q. Mu et al. 2011. Steering carbon nanotubes to scavenger receptor recognition by nanotube surface chemistry modification partially alleviates NFκB activation and reduces its immunotoxicity. ACS Nano 5:4581–4591
Nakanishi, T., J. Kunisawa, A. Hayashi et al. 1999. Positively charged liposome functions as an efficient immunoadjuvant in inducing cell-mediated immune response to soluble proteins. Journal of Controlled Release 61:233–240.
Nan, A., X. Bai, S. J. Son, S. B. Lee, and H. Ghandehari. 2008. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of silica nanotubes. Nano Letters 8:2150–2154.
Oberdörster, G., E. Oberdörster, and J. Oberdörster. 2005. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environmental Health Perspectives 113:823–839.
Palmeira, C. M. 2008. In vitro assessment of silver nanoparticles toxicity in hepatic mitochondrial function. EOARD, Unit 4515 BOX 14, APO AE 09421.
Pan, X., L. Chen, S. Liu et al. 2008. Antitumor activity of G3139 lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Molecular Pharmaceutics 6:211–220.
Park, T. H., J. A. Kim, N. H. Lee et al. 2011. Enhancement of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells by iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 32:2871–2877.
Pernodet, N., X. H. Fang, Y. Sun et al. 2006. Adverse effects of citrate/gold nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts. Small 2:766–773
Reddy, S. T., A. J. Van Der Vlies, E. Simeoni et al. 2007. Exploiting lymphatic transport and complement activation in nanoparticle vaccines. Nature Biotechnology 25:1159–1164.
Ryman-Rasmussen, J. P., M. F. Cesta, A. R. Brody et al. 2009. Inhaled carbon nanotubes reach the subpleural tissue in mice. Nature Nanotechnology 4:747–751.
Rzigalinski, B. A., and J. S. Strobl. 2009. Cadmium-containing nanoparticles: Perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of quantum dots. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 238:280–288.
Sahay, G., D. Y. Alakhova, and A. V. Kabanov. 2010. Endocytosis of nanomedicines. Journal of Controlled Release 145:182–195.
Sahu, S. C. 2009. Hepatotoxic potential of nanomaterials. In Nanotoxicity, Sahu, S. C. and Casciano, D. A., eds., 183–189. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Sayes, C. M., J. D. Fortner, W. Guo et al. 2004. The differential cytotoxicity of water-soluble fullerenes. Nano Letters 4:1881–1887.
Sayes, C. M., A. A. Marchione, K. L. Reed, and D. B. Warheit. 2007. Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessments of C60 water suspensions in rats: Few differences in fullerene toxicity in vivo in contrast to in vitro profiles. Nano Letters 7:2399–2406.
Schipper, M. L., N. Nakayama-Ratchford, C. R. Davis et al. 2008. A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. Nature Nanotechnology 3:216–221.
Schmid, S. L., and S. D. Conner. 2003. Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature 422:37–44.
Takagi, A., A. Hirose, T. Nishimura et al. 2008. Induction of mesothelioma in p53+/-mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-wall carbon nanotube. Journal of Toxicological Sciences 33:105.
Terentyuk, G. S., G. N. Maslyakova, L. V. Suleymanova et al. 2009. Circulation and distribution of gold nanoparticles and induced alterations of tissue morphology at intravenous particle delivery. Journal of Biophotonics 2:292–302.
Valiyaveettil, S., P. V. AshaRani, G. L. K. Mun, and M. P. Hande. 2009. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano 3:279–290.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.