Characterization of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites Produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mechanism of Colonization, and New Vaccine Strategies
Abstract
Small chemicals called metabolites are involved in metabolic activities that are critical for the growth, maintenance, and function of cells. Metabolites typically have concentrations spanning multiple orders of magnitude and a molecular weight ranging from 50 to 1500 Da. Many environmental factors affect metabolites, and the metabolome is very dynamic and time-dependent. Researching the chemical substances that Streptococcus pneumoniae produces that have real biological activity was the goal of this laboratory investigation. Among the many illnesses that the Gram-positive streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae, pneumococcus) bacterium can induce are otitis media, nasosinusitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) were created and extensively used globally to control and prevent pneumococcus infections. Infections caused by PCV serotypes were reduced with the introduction of PCVs, however vaccine efficacy was compromised by serotype substitutions. Many medicines, such as penicillin, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, have been able to overcome the resistance that S. pneumoniae has evolved. As a result, antibiotic-resistant infections can impact the management of associated illnesses. Newly discovered pathways have been molecularly characterised, and genetic functional investigations have been updated.
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