Removal of [Pb+2, Cu+2, Cd+2 , Zn+2] Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Hordeum vulgare and Screening of Its Metabolite Profiling Using FTIR Technique

Abstract

Background: The removal of heavy metals from wastewater through the use of the adsorption method is a process that is effective. In general, heavy metals are considered to be significant hazardous contaminants. The process of adsorption is one of the most effective methods for cleaning water that has been contaminated. There are many benefits associated with the adsorption process, including its availability, low cost, and environmentally beneficial nature.

Objective: An investigation was carried out to determine whether or not Hordeum vulgare is capable of eliminating heavy metal cations from wastewater, specifically Pb⁺², Cu⁺², Cd⁺² , Zn⁺². Within the scope of this investigation, a batch adsorption method was utilized to simulate artificial water.

Materials and Methods: In order to remove dust and grime from the Hordeum vulgare, they were given a thorough cleaning before being dried. Following that, it is immediately utilized in a variety of adsorbent/metal ion ratios. The metal ion concentration starts at one thousand parts per million. Under the same conditions of heavy metal removal, an investigation was conducted to determine the percentage of removal for single, binary, and tertiary ions, as well as the percentage of removal for mixed ion solution (3% gm/ml) adsorbent. The pH value was kept at a range of 5 to 6 during the experiment, and the temperature was kept at 25 C^o throughout the experiment.

Results: The major constituents were FT-IR Peak values (Wave number cm-ˡ): 669.30 (Strong), 684.73 (Strong), 827.46 (Strong), 873.75 (Strong), 927.7 (Strong),  1010.70 (Strong), 1236.37 (Strong), 1313.52 (Strong), 1417.68 (Medium), 1604.77 (Bending), 2358.94 (Unknown), and 3269.34 (Bending) with Functional group assignment alkyl halides, Alkenes, Alkenes, alkyl halides, alkyl halides, alkyl halides, Amide, and Amide respectively. Hordeum vulgare was found to be effective in removing heavy metals, as determined by the findings of the observation and analytical procedure. The removal percentage of Pb⁺², Cu⁺², Cd⁺² , Zn⁺²  were 37%, 70%, 48% and 32% respectively. While recorded (28%, 65%) for Pb⁺² and Cu⁺² ,  (32%, 41%) for Pb⁺² and Cd⁺²  ,  (29%, 22%) for Pb⁺² and Zn⁺²,  (68%, 39%) for Cu⁺² and Cd⁺²  ,  (65%, 20%) for Cu⁺² and Zn⁺²,  (42%, 23%) for Cd⁺² and Zn⁺² ,  (21%, 59%, 37%) for Pb⁺², Cu⁺², Cd⁺²   ,  (19%, 54%, 18%) for Pb⁺², Cu⁺², Zn⁺²,  (19%, 35%, 17%) for Pb⁺², Cd⁺² , Zn⁺² , (15%, 49%, 29%, 14%) for Pb⁺², Cu⁺² , Cd⁺² , Zn⁺²  . The elimination percentage was accomplished in less than an hour after coming into contact with an adsorbent loading ratio of 25 grams per liter. The clearance percentage of mixed ions, on the other hand, was rather low. This was due to the fact that the ions competed with one another and interacted with one another. In addition to being readily available in large quantities at a reasonable cost, the Hordeum vulgare has the potential to be utilized as an effective metal ion adsorbent.

Conclusion: Hordeum vulgare is an effective method for the elimination of heavy metals. Nevertheless, additional research is necessary in order to identify the chemicals that serve as inhibitors.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Adsorbent, Synthetic wastewater, Hordeum vulgare