Study design and Participants

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Abahoni Limited, Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club, and Kalabagan Cricket Academy located in Dhaka. A 201 Male adolescent registered players of different discipline were included in this study. Age range 12-20 years who had a minimum of 6 months of experience took part in this study. Investigators briefed the subjects on the process and obtained written approval.

Data Processing

Information was collected by a semi-structured questionnaire. Information on the following variables such as anthropometric features, sports and health-related information was generated in the questionnaire. Data were collected in the presence of players and injuries identified with the help of coaches, physiotherapist and trainers.

Data Analysis

After the collection of data, the completeness, accuracy, and internal consistency of all interviewed questionnaire were checked and exclude missing or inconsistent data. Corrected data were entered into the computer. The data were analyzed by using the statistical software namely SPSS (Version 20) whereas Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to provide a graphical analysis of the information. AIS scale was used to measure the injury severity and graded and ranging by AIS1= minor, AIS2= moderate, AIS3=serious, AIS4= Severe, AIS5= Critical, AIS6= Maximal (untreatable).12.

Ethical Issues

The ethical review committee of State College of Health Sciences (SCHS) approved the protocol. An international ethical guideline for biomedical research involving human subjects was followed throughout the study 13. The investigator received written informed consent during data collection. Bangle language and it briefed to each respondent before data collection. All respondents informed that they are free to leave or to refuse to take part in this study at any time. The personal information of the respondents was kept totally confidential. The information given by the respondents was being analyzed using code number so that nobody can identify them.

Figure 1 reveals that nearly two-thirds (73%) of the respondents sustained sports injury and just about one-third (27%) of the participants informed having no sports injury.

Figure 1

Regarding anthropometric characteristics, most participants belong (43.3%) to the 14-16 years of age followed by 17-19 (35.8%) and 11-13 (20.9%) with a mean age of 16.46 (±2.280). Considering BMI, as shown in Table 1 , more than half (9.2%) of the participants was reported by normal body weight followed by underweight (23.9%), overweight (5.0%), and obesity (2.0%).

Table 2 reveals that over half (69.2%) of the participants were cricket players accompanied by football player (17.1%), basketball player (8.2%), long tennis player (2.7%), and Badminton (2.7%). Approximately two third (78.9) of the players documented 0-3 years of playing experience. Maximum (82.6%) participants informed 16-30 min of warm-up/cool-down timing.

Table 2

Categories of Player	n (%)
Cricket player	101 (69.2)
Football player	25 (17.1)
Basketball player	12 (8.2)
Long tennis player	4 (2.7)
Badminton	4 (2.7)
Playing Experience
0-3 years	159 (78.9)
4-7 years	37 (18.6)
8-11 years	5 (2.5)
Warm-up/Cool-down timing
0-30 min	166 (82.6)
31-60 min	35 (17.4)

Figure 2 illustrates that Cricket players reported at the highest number (69.2%) for sports injury followed by football player (17.1%), Basketball player (8.2%), Long tennis player (2.7%), and Badminton player (2.7%).

Regarding the site of injury, maximum participants indicated with shoulder (11.6%), Hip/thigh (24.7%), Knee/Legs (14.7%), and spine (15.2%) where most were moderate injury (32.8%). More than two-thirds (84.2%) of the participants indicated no recurrent injury whereas maximum (72.6%) reported to indirect injury as shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Site of Injury	n (%)
Shoulder	22 (11.6)
Elbow	6 (3.2)
Wrist	6 (3.2)
Hand/Fingers	31 (16.3)
Hip/Thigh	47 (24.7)
Knee/Legs	28 (14.7)
Foot	10 (5.3)
Spine	29 (15.2)
Head/Neck	11 (5.8)
Severity of Injury
Mild	38 (18.9)
Moderate	66 (32.8)
Sever	38 (18.9)
Recurrent Injury
Yes	23 (15.8)
No	123 (84.2)
Injury types
Direct	40 (27.4)
Indirect	106 (72.6)

Table 4 reveals that there was a significant relation between Sports injury and BMI (p-value 0.004) as well as sports injury and warm-up timing (p-value 0.007) whereas a strong relationship found between sports injury and age group (p-value 0.000) and types of sports (p-value 0.000).

Table 4

Variables	Sports Injury		P value
Age Group	Present	Absent
11-13	13	29	0.000*
14-16	71	16
17-19	62	10
BMI
Underweight	25	23	0.004
Normal	110	29
Overweight	8	2
Obese	3	1
Warm-up exercise
0-30	125	41	0.007
31-60	21	14
Type of sports			0.000*
Cricket	101	22
Football	25	11
Basketball	12	8
Long tennis	4	6
Badminton	4	8

P-value reached from chi-square. Mark (*) represents a significant relation of sports injury with age group and type of sports.

The sports of adolescent commonly seen in our country are cricket, football, Badminton, Basketball and table tennis while cricket and football are now more frequent. A similar trend of participation in football and cricket by adolescents is seen in other countries also 14, 15. The key findings of this study was a high frequency of players having sports injury whereas the Hip/Thigh, Hand/Fingers, knees/legs and spine were the common prevalent sites. The past study stated that adolescent is reported as a high risk of sports injury and lower limb is more prevalent site than upper limb 15. However, Rasheduzzaman et al. (2019) 16 stated that the upper limb is more common and prevalent site than a lower limb. Sreekaarini et al. (2014) 15 found that all sports have a risk, especially for an adolescent. The current study addressed maximum adolescent players belongs to over 13 years where the mean age were 16 years that is similar to other study stated by Sreekaarini et al. (2014) 15. Some factors like BMI and inadequate warm-up/cool-down is the causes of injury. Therefore, there was a strong relation found in sports injury with BMI and warm-up/cool-down. On the other hand, Rasheduzzaman et al. (2019) 16 found that there was no significant relationship found between BMI and sports injury. Injury recurrence was not noted significantly in this study and the maximum reported to indirect injury. Sreekaarini et al. (2014) 15 stated that recurrence of injury is more common in sports person, especially professional players. Maximum players of different discipline found as a moderate level of injury.

It is concluded that SI among adolescent players is very high. Some factors like inadequate age, BMI, and warm-up/cool-down timing are the key factors for injury. However. There was highly significant relation found of SI with age group as well as types of injury. Proper training, maintaining body composition and adequate training timing before starting exercise might help for reducing the injury.

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest regarding this article.

Acknowledgement

We, the authors are greatly acknowledge the support provided by the authority of Abahoni Limited, Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club and Kolabagan Cricket Academy, Dhaka. Authors are also thankful to the Department of Physiotherapy, State College of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abbreviations:

SI: Sports Injury

AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale

BMI: Body Mass Index

SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences