This study was carried on 30 liver and gallbladder specimens obtained from 10% formalin fixed cadavers in the Department of Anatomy of Shri Ram Murti Smarak – Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.

Cadavers with obvious abdominal surgery and crush injury to the abdominal organs were excluded from the study.

The parameters studied were the maximum length, maximum transverse diameter, thickness, shape, external variations of gall bladder, Level i.e. length of gall bladder below the inferior border of the liver.

The maximum length was measured from the porta hepatis to the mid-point of the fundusFigure 1,Figure 2 and the maximum transverse diameter Figure 3,Figure 4 was measured from the porta hepatisFigure 5 as well as from the inferior border of the liver Figure 6 by using vernier caliper in centimeters.

The shape and any variation in external appearance of gall bladder were noted. Part of the gall bladder i.e. fundus that lie below the inferior border of liver was noted.

The thickness of the gallbladder wall was measured by fine dissecting method. A longitudinal incision was made by sharp B-P blade through the peritoneal smooth surface of the gallbladder from fundus to neck and interior of the gallbladder was cleaned with jets of tap water. Then the thickness of wall of the gallbladder was measured in centimeters at the maximum transverse diameter of the fundus, body & neck region of the gallbladder with the help of vernier caliperFigure 7,Figure 8,Figure 9. For taking measurements the non peritoneal surface was not chosen due to rough and irregular surface.

Maximum length:

Figure 8

Figure 9

Maximum length of gall bladders Table 1 (Table 1):

Average length of gall bladder was found to be 8.25 cm. The smallest gall bladder was 5.52 cm in length and the largest had length 11.32 cm. 70 % (21/30) had length ranging between 7 and 10 cm.

Table 1

Length in centimeters	No of specimens	Percentage (%)
< 7	6	20
7 – 10	21	70
> 10	3	10

Maximum transverse diameter of gall bladdersTable 2:

Mean breadth of gall bladder was 4.30 cm. The shortest transverse diameter was 3.06 cm and largest 5.57 cm. 53.33% (16/30) had a maximum transverse diameter between 3 and 4 cm.

The distance of the maximum transverse diameter of gall bladder from the porta hepatis was found to be ranging between 2.46 and 7.06 cmFigure 5 and from the inferior border of the liver between 1.43 and 5.37 cm Figure 6.

Table 2

Transverse diameter in centimeters	No of specimens	Percentage (%)
< 3	1	3.33
3 – 4	16	53.33
> 4	13	43.33

Shape of gall bladder:

The gall bladders were classified according to their shapes. Various shapes were observed. The commonest shape found was pear shaped (21/30, 70%). Their incidences are shown in theTable 3.

External appearance of gall bladder:

Foldings of neck and fundus (whether anteriorly or posteriorly) were observed. Folding of fundus was noted in 2 out of 30 specimens of GB. Hartmann’s pouch was also observed in 1 specimen.

Figure 0

Length of gall bladder below inferior border of the liver:

21 gall bladders were crossing the inferior border of the liver and the length varied between 0.46 – 3.93cm Figure 14.

The gall bladder, liver and the biliary ductal system develop from the hepatic endodermal diverticulum of the foregut, at the beginning of the fourth week of development .This diverticulum rapidly proliferates into the septum transversum and divides into two parts – the cranial part develops the liver and the bile ducts while the caudal part gives rise to the gall bladder and the cystic duct. Any arrest or deviation from the normal embryological developmental process may result in some sort of malformation of the gallbladder and of the biliary system3 .

Comparison of length and breadth with other studies has been shown inTable 5.

Size of gall bladder varies in different diseased conditions as well as in some physiological conditions too. It may be impossible sometimes to distinguish between various parts described. The size of gall bladder may increase after vagotomy, diabetes, pregnancy, sickle cell disease, after cystic duct or common bile duct obstruction6.

Shapes of gall bladder vary and various authors have described various shapes as seen inTable 6. We found pear shaped gall bladder as most common (70%).

The gall bladder is relatively constant in its development and the two most significant variations are the folded fundus and variation at the neck of the gall bladder6. The folded fundus of the gall bladder, also called as the Phrygian cap, was reported in 3 – 7.5% of gall bladder by Lichtenstein M & Nicosia AJ9.They proposed that it could due to a disproportion between the size of the gall bladder and that of the gallbladder bed, but without any pathological significance. Deutsch AA et al10 and Gore RM et al11 recorded folded fundus in very few percentage of gall bladder. Meilstrup JW et al12 observed that gross bending of the gallbladder could occur posteriorly or anteriorly and lead to bizarre or unusual shapes when visualized by sonography and other imaging techniques. Futara G et al13 observed that there was a significantly higher prevalence of kinking of the gallbladder and Hartmann's pouch in the females than in male subjects which could be related to the higher rate of gallstone formation and biliary tract diseases in females. In our study, we found folded fundus in 2 specimens (6.66%).

The length of gall bladder below the inferior border of the liver in our study was between 0. 46 – 3.93 cm. Prakash AV et al7 reported between 0.4 – 2.5cm.This is the most susceptible part of gall bladder that can be damaged in laparoscopic procedures1.

The thickness of the gall bladder at fundus, body and neck were 1.35-1.69mm, 1.30 – 1.75mm and 0.46 – 0.95mm respectively. We couldn’t find any literature regarding this parameter. Gallbladder diseases are diagnosed clinically and confirmed by various non invasive as well as invasive procedures and wall thickness is the most important indicator to diagnose such diseases14. In diseases such as cholecystitis, carcinoma and metastasis of gall bladder.

However congenital anomalies of gallbladder are rare and can be accompanied with other biliary and vascular malformations15. Due to these anatomical variations, complications seen were bleeding and biliary leaks leading morbidity16. The comparative study involving GB morphometry in cadavers and sonographic/ radiological findings should be undertaken.

The occurrence of bizarre forms of anatomical variations of gall bladder and extra-hepatic biliary tree though are not common but can be of clinical importance, however comprehensive study of the morphological variations of the gall bladder and their incidence is relatively scarce. Most of the interventional procedures in this modern era are done laparoscopically and there is tremendous increase in number of laparoscopic cholecystectomies. So, thorough knowledge of possible variations in morphology of gall bladder is important. Awareness of these anomalies will decrease morbidity, and re-exploration in these patients. This article will be of utmost useful to the surgeons and radiologists to understand and identify possible variations of GB morphology.

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